Hopefully this is a simple explanation on why subwoofers exist and what part they play in a surround sound system.
A Subwoofer or “Sub” is a speaker specifically designed to reproduce the sounds at the lowest end of the audible frequency range, otherwise known as Bass. This is also referred to as “LFE” (Low Frequency Effects) and is essentially about moving low frequencies through the air. Low frequencies are long wavelengths that take a greater amount of power to produce than the mid-range or high frequency sounds which are made up of shorter wavelengths.
LFE can provide added drama to a film with dynamic special effects e.g. bombs exploding, buildings collapsing or even a thunder storm. The subwoofer in a home cinema set up is therefore aimed at producing these deep bass elements in a film soundtrack. A subwoofer can also reach depths of sound on music that a standard “full range” speaker cannot achieve. When you see 5.1, 6.1 or 7.1 (or even nowadays 7.2) the .1 or .2 advertised on a surround system, AV receiver or DVD / Blu-ray player, signifies that the LFE has its own dedicated channel.
Types of Subwoofer
Passive Subwoofers. These subwoofers are powered by an external amplifier, like the rest of the speakers in the surround sound system. As low bass needs more power to reproduce low frequency sounds, the Amplifier or AV Receiver has to provide enough output power to sustain the bass effects in the subwoofer without draining the amp and having a detrimental effect on the performance of the other speakers in the system. Room size, speaker demand and your personal taste for bass all has to be taken into account.
Powered or Active Subwoofers. Most subwoofers on sale now are powered (amplified or active) models. Essentially they have a built in amplifier to ensure there is adequate power provided when needed. Also freeing up spare” power to drive the mid-range and tweeters in your surround system more easily. The subwoofer driver characteristics are also matched by the manufacturer for optimum performance. Connection is also made simpler as only one cable is required (Line Out/In) specifically for the LFE Bass channel.
Presenting the bass
Once the power issue has been resolved, manufacturers also go about presenting the bass via different design methods. These include down firing or front firing driver configurations, that can have sealed, ported or passive radiator cabinet/enclosure designs. Even the cabinets can now vary from box to cylinder to spherical!
Front-firing subwoofers employ a speaker mounted so that it radiates the sound from the front or side of the subwoofer cabinet/enclosure.
Down-firing subwoofers employ a speaker that is mounted so that it radiates downward, towards the floor or a base plate.
Porting in some enclosures can also be employed, to force out more air, thus increasing bass response more efficiently than a sealed enclosure.
Hopefully this link will provide more FAQ’s and help: http://www.avforums.com/forums/subwoofers/143350-subwoofer-faqs-guides.html
Enjoy that bass!